Concerted Action Among Competitors (Restraints of Trade)
This section organizes the Section 1 framework for horizontal restraints: when competitor coordination is analyzed under the rule of reason, when it is treated as per se unlawful, and when courts use an abbreviated rule of reason.
Contents
Place in the Framework
Concerted action among competitors generally begins with the threshold question whether there is an agreement, combination, or conspiracy. Once concerted action is established, the next question is which mode of analysis applies.
Working Notes
Use this page as the landing page for horizontal restraints. The child pages separate the historical development of the doctrine from the modern analytical categories.