Identify who agreed
Contents
Place in the Framework
A Section 1 theory must identify the actors who formed the agreement and connect each defendant to the alleged conspiracy.
Core Questions
- Which entities or individuals allegedly joined the agreement?
- What evidence links each actor to the common plan?
- How do courts treat hub-and-spoke structures, associations, agents, and intermediaries?
Working Notes
Add notes here on pleading and proof problems when the alleged agreement involves multiple firms, trade associations, platforms, or intermediaries.