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Inferred express and tacit agreements

Contents

Place in the Framework

Courts may infer either an express agreement or a tacit agreement from circumstantial evidence, but mere parallel conduct is usually not enough by itself.

Core Questions

  • What facts permit an inference of express agreement?
  • What facts permit an inference of tacit agreement?
  • How do plus factors distinguish agreement from conscious parallelism?

Working Notes

Add notes here on communications, conduct against self-interest, opportunities to conspire, market structure, and other plus factors.